| Summer/Fall 2001 | Kristine M. Alpi, Editor |
ColumnsFrom the Editor
Contributed Articles
New Resources
Welcome to another very full issue of the PH/HA News. A column on information at CDC debuts and a change in the editorship of the grey literature column is announced. It was terrific hearing from many of you at the MLA meeting. Please continue to send me your suggestions for improving the PH/HA News.
As the PH/HA News develops, the time has come to share the fun of editing the newsletter. The PH/HA officers are looking for one or two members to help with the news who might be interested in taking over the News editorship in the next year or two. Let me know if you are interested in joining the PH/HA News team. Enjoy the rest of the summer!
Kris Alpi (kalpi@att.net)
Editor
We had a great business meeting at the MLA annual meeting—well, at least as great as a business meeting can be. There were some interesting items I should mention. One is the plan to make section membership free to LIS students. This will, hopefully, attract some students to the section that might be interested in public health related library work. We also formed an American Public Health Association relations committee with the hope of forging better connections with that group, and to encourage librarians in public health related areas to get to know some of their primary clientele through their association. We are also bringing together a group to look at our bylaws and make sure that we are in compliance.
I am in the midst of preparations for section programming—MLA 2002 may be far in the distance for many of you, but for me it is closing in rapidly with its various deadlines. Some of the currently nebulous topics we are pursuing are:
Other topics are open to us and now is the time to suggest others because all of the section planners are busily planning for the annual meeting. More information will be forthcoming as we flesh out some of these ideas.
Well, it should be a good year.
Matt Wilcox
Section Chair
Please contact Mary Jackson, the PH/HA Continuing Education Chair, at mjackson@library.tmc.edu and let her know what topics interest you.
There are still a few stipends available for attendance at the American Public Health Association meeting in October as described in the following announcement. Please apply by the deadline, August 1.
Ten $500.00 Stipends Available for Librarian Attendance at American Public Health Association Annual Meeting in Atlanta, October 21-25, 2001
Would you like to acquaint yourself with the field of public health in a structured manner?
Would you like to meet public health workers in their own arena?
Are you willing to commit your time and resources to add to the $500.00 stipend offered to attend the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting in Atlanta, October 21-25, 2001?
If your answer is "Yes," here is the description of the program, the requirements for applicants, and instructions for applying.
Description of Program. Again this year, stipends are being offered to librarians in support of their attendance at the American Public Association Annual Meeting. Plans have been developed in cooperation with the Medical Library Association Public Health/Health Administration Section. A report on librarian participation in last year's meeting can be found at http://phha.mlanet.org/archives/newsletter/apharecap.html [Ed. note: link updated 10/8/04]. Reasons for attending conferences of your clients' organizations are provided at http://phha.mlanet.org/archives/newsletter/winter99.html#reasons [Ed. note: link updated 10/8/04]. For information on this year's APHA meeting, see http://www.apha.org/meetings.
Goals for Stipend Recipients. Ideally librarians should attend both conferences of library associations and those of their client organizations, the former, to learn new techniques and network with other librarians and the latter, to increase content knowledge and to understand and identify with their clients and their information needs. Thus the goal for librarian APHA meeting attendance is to have a focus through which the librarians can:
Activities for Stipend Recipients. To accomplish these goals, one or more specific activities for the librarian attendance at this fall's APHA conference could be to:
If you need help in locating public health workers or projects with which to become involved, please contact Win Sewell, winswll@crosslink.net. Possibly you can have in mind specific questions that you wish to answer through these interactions and/or activities.
Requirements for Stipend Recipients. Aside from endeavoring to accomplish the goals set above, there are only three requirements:
Application for Stipend. Send a simple request before August 1, 2001, to Winifred Sewell, email: winswll@crosslink.net. Include in the request:
Winifred Sewell
FAX 301-229-5009
Phone 301-229-5008
6513 76th Place
Cabin John, MD 20818
The CDC information centers support the wide range of research activities of CDC scientists and researchers in the agency's eight centers and three program offices. CDC staff utilizing the CDC information centers are primarily in the Atlanta, Georgia headquarters but are also located in outlying Centers and field staff offices from San Juan, Puerto Rico to Anchorage, Alaska.
The main CDC Information Center provides services to all of CDC. With its newly expanding mission (and forthcoming new building!), the main CDC Information Center will be extending its services to the greater public health community. The collection provides resources on general public health topics, communicable diseases, and environmental health. Services include providing a full range of reference and research, maintaining the agency's online catalog of resources, electronic resource licensing, document delivery, and database and voice information services. Web responsibilities include shared management of the main CDC Web site of ~110,000 pages and over 4 million visitors per month, CDC Intranet of ~85,000 pages, and special initiatives including the well received Hispanic website (http://www.cdc.gov/spanish) and the forthcoming KidsPage site. A CDC digital library is under development.
The information centers located at the various CDC Centers house very specialized collections and perform a wide range of functions in support of these Centers. Most Centers have a reading room and/or information specialists. The more established “library-like” Information Centers are located at Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP), the National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention (NCHSTP), the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC), the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and at the four National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) centers.
Welcome to the second installment of the geographical information systems (GIS) column. For the inaugural column, Jennifer Fu provided us with some good projects and interactive websites. Now the column editor focuses on the emerging field of GIS librarianship, and what the web offers in terms of guidance to the field.
There is already a wealth of literature about GIS librarianship. It was a pleasant surprise to turn up Cathy Moulder's excellent current bibliography about the field at http://www.mcmaster.ca/library/maps/gis_libr.htm. She has done an excellent job of compiling a thorough reading list, and has admirably gone beyond the sources traditionally indexed in Library Literature.
There are a number of email discussion lists available for people interested in map librarianship or GIS in libraries. There are two good lists of these resources at Map Librarianship Discussion Lists (http://www.waml.org/maplists.html) and GIS Discussion Groups & Lists (http://home.earthlink.net/~rpminfonet/gislist.html). The latter includes lists devoted to particular products, such as ERMAPPER, an Earth Resource Mapping tool.
For a broad overview of GIS, visit http://www.gis.com/index.html. Please note that while this site is produced by ESRI, makers of the popular ArcView software, it seems to be relatively free of commercialism, and links to software options other than ESRI. If you want to be amazed at just how many abbreviations are involved in cartography and GIS, see http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/abbrev.html. And last but not least, the Special Libraries Association has a well-established Geography and Map Division (http://www.sla.org/division/dgm/index.htm).
The next column will hopefully feature a contributor, and future columns may come from a librarian about to embark on a series of GIS seminars at Penn State, culminating in a GIS certificate (see http://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/pub/gis/index.shtml/index.shtml). It will be interesting to read her experiences. Please send ideas, comments and suggestions to me at william-j@tamu.edu.
[Editor's Note: Here are three other GIS resource updates:
Summertime, a time for change. The column's original editor, Laurie Isenberg, has left the field of public health and is now turning over this column to Marie Ascher, editor of the Grey Literature Report and Information Specialist at the New York Academy of Medicine. Marie is on vacation and moving into a new home, so I am stepping in as guest author/editor for this issue. Please send your ideas for future columns to Marie at mascher@nyam.org.
A few search requests on international programs have turned my attention to accessing International Public Health grey literature. Two of my favorite resources in international public health are POPLINE and WHO Library & Information Networks for Knowledge.
POPLINE (POPulation information onLINE) is the world's largest bibliographic database on population, family planning, and related health issues. POPLINE provides citations with abstracts for over 280,000 records representing published and unpublished literature in the field. Produced by the Population Information Program (PIP) at the Johns Hopkins School of Communication Programs and supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
POPLINE as searched by Internet Grateful Med is nowstatic and has not been updated since December 2000. For recent POPLINE citations, search POPINFORM(sm) (http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/index.stm) which contains records added to the POPLINE database since January 1999. Be patient, sometimes it takes a few tries or some time to get access to the database. Once in, use the novice or the expert search to find grey and traditional literature on topics from essential drugs to mental health in Africa. POPLINE is now making its English, French, and Spanish User's Guide to Keywords available for free in the Adobe Acrobat PDF document format from http://www.jhuccp.org/popline/key.stm.
As you might expect, the World Health Organization (WHO) is a rich source of international public health reports and other grey literature. The WHO Library & Information Networks for Knowledge website is a great starting point-- http://www.who.int/library/database/index.en.shtml. For the complete collection, visit WHOLIS (The World Health Organization Library Information System) an online catalog containing bibliographic references to more than 90,000 publications of WHO and its Regional Representatives. Many of the unpublished technical documents are available full-text. Simply click on the electronic address found at the bottom of the record. For more information about how to search WHOLIS, see the online tutorial at http://www.who.int/library/reference/tutorials/wholis/index.en.shtml.
Also new from WHO, the WHO International Digest of Health Legislation (IDHL) (http://www-nt.who.int/idhl/en/ConsultIDHL.cfm). This database replaces the printed version produced from 1948 to 1999. Search for the text of legislation via country, subject, volume, issue, or keyword. Results produce a summary of the legislation in English or a title, sometimes with a link to the full text. [From the Scout Report]
A forum on outreach to the public health workforce was held at the National Library of Medicine on April 4-5, 2001. Health science librarians and public health professionals gathered to consider the nature of information needs among public health workers and factors that contribute to the effectiveness of information outreach to this audience. Projects that had been funded from 1998-2001 by the National Library of Medicine, either through the Partners in Information Access to Public Health Professionals or the National Network of Libraries of Medicine, formed to body of the work considered. Descriptions for most of the projects represented at the Forum can be found at the Partners website at http://nnlm.gov/partners/public.html.
Areas of focus for the two day Forum were assessing information needs, defining outreach objectives and determining outcomes, partnerships and sustainability, and fulfilling information needs through Web resources. An outcome of the Forum was the identification of research questions that need to be addressed to better understand information needs in public health settings, in order to design and deliver more effective information services in support of public health goals. Forum organizers tentatively conclude that effective, sustainable outreach starts with a thorough understanding of the audience: especially their information needs but also aspects of their professional culture.
Articles describing the Forum and its conclusions will be posted later this summer on MLANET and will appear in print in the Oct. issue of the BMLA. Information about the Forum and materials presented are available at http://nnlm.gov/partners/phof.html.
The Forum Steering Committee consisted of: Neil Rambo, University of Washington, chair; Kristine Alpi, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Catherine Burroughs, University of Washington; Marjorie Cahn, National Library of Medicine; Jocelyn Rankin, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and, Joan Zenan, University of Nevada-Reno.
In recent years in addition to its annual symposium, the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) has held a smaller, more focused Spring Congress. The topic selected this year was public health informatics (PHI). Dr. William Yasnoff, Chair, Scientific Program Committee, stated the import of the meeting in his welcome address. "Public health informatics, defined as the application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research and learning, is the emerging discipline that integrates public health with information technology. The development of this field and dissemination of informatics knowledge and expertise to public health professionals is the key to unlocking the potential of information systems to improve the health of the nation. … The purpose of this conference is to bring together the medical informatics and public health communities to exchange ideas, learn from each other and develop a national agenda for public health informatics."
Orientation sessions, held for both the public health professionals and public health informaticians, were followed by plenary and panel sessions. There were six breakout tracts designed to focus discussion on specific areas and each held four deliberation sessions. A member of the Conference Program Committee and four facilitators coordinated each tract. These were key to the conference because the discussions and reports from these sessions were the basis for the recommendations that will form the resultant agenda. This is to be published in the November 2001 issues of both the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA) and the Journal of Public Health Practice and Management (JPHPM). Selected conference papers will also be included in JPHPM. Before then, you can get detailed information on the pre-conference planning proposals, the recommendations of the six breakout tracts as presented at the final plenary session and links to a number of important current and background papers in PHI by going to the AMIA Web page http://www.amia.org/ (->Meetings -> Spring Congress -> Downloads, etc.) Don't overlook the Conference Program with the names of the Conference Program Committee, keynote speakers, panelists, facilitators and invited experts to identify some of the most influential minds in PHI. A few of those key people who helped to make the conference a success and are also important to our MLA PH/HA organization are: Betsy Humphreys, Elaine Martin, Jocelyn Rankin, Neil Rambo, Nancy Allee, Laura Larsson, Mary Ascher and Kris Alpi.
With the publication of the National Agenda for Public Health Informatics, we can expect to see PHI grow in importance and focus increased emphasis on competencies for both the public health workforce and the candidates in academic public health programs. Also the leadership of MLA will be interested in the recommendation calling for NLM and CEPH applying the AAMC/NLM methodology for developing objectives used for Medical Informatics to PHI. The number of organizations (CDC, NLN, HRSA, APHL, ASPH, ASTHO, NACCHO, NAPHSIS and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists) whose staff contributed their expertise and coordinated their efforts for the 2001 AMIA Spring Congress, as well as the major sponsorship of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, is illustrative of the significant measures that will be necessary to bring the appropriate focus to PHI.
On January 31, 2001, from 1:00 - 3:00 pm ET, the Partnership for Information Access for Public Health Professionals will sponsor a live satellite broadcast on Children's Environmental Health Information Resources. This live interactive program will demonstrate selected online resources in the context of important children's environmental health issues. Topics include pesticide exposure, environmental triggers of asthma, and lead poisoning prevention funding resources.
The Partnership for Information Access for Public Health Professionals is a joint venture among several public health agencies and associations. This program is just one of many ways the Partnership actively assists public health departments in accessing information (http://www.nnlm.gov/partners). More information on the broadcast will be announced on the Partners web site as it becomes available. In the meantime, please contact Stacey Arnesen at stacey_arnesen@nlm.nih.gov for additional information.
Training materials used for the TOXNET class are available for downloading in PDF, PowerPoint® and HTML formats. The guides are broken down into sections so you can choose the areas of interest to you. You may find these TOXNET training resources at http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxLecture.html.
An increasing number of librarians are purchasing handheld computers. Many of them are finding that they are useful for finding, organizing and coping with too much information - and for figuring out how to prioritize the vast amounts of work they have to do. In this first article, we will begin to discuss how your Palm device can be used to help you function more effectively, be more productive, and move beyond the applications that come with your PDA. We will discuss only Palm OS (Operating System) applications since this OS, to date, has grabbed the lion's share of the market and because that's the OS that I'm most familiar with. Various estimates of the Palm OS range from 80 to 85 percent of the handheld market so, despite Palm's current economic problems, I think we can count on these devices being around for some time.
The availability of Health Statistics in the Kentucky Virtual Library at http://www.kyvl.org/html/gia/sahealth.shtml was also announced on MEDLIB-L
Course providers: Public and private health organizations, universities, associations, and other training providers can submit distance learning courses to the site following a free registration process. Eighty registered course submitters benefit from national PHF and sponsor publicity efforts attracting over 1300 weekly visitors to TrainingFinder.org. New site features let submitters:
To search or submit courses, visit www.TrainingFinder.org or contact Stacy Baker at training@phf.org for more information.
ProMED-mail: Background and Purpose
Jack Woodall, Charles H. Calisher
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3_supp/woodall.htm
ProMED-mail online program to monitor emerging diseases with over 20,000 subscribers in more than 160 countries.
GIDEON: A Computer Program for Diagnosis, Simulation, and Informatics in the Fields of Geographic Medicine and Emerging Diseases
Stephen A . Berger
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3_supp/berger.htm
Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON) is a computer software program that was developed for disease simulation and informatics in the fields of geographic and travel medicine. GIDEON is currently used in 1,500 sites in 45 countries: health ministries, military installations, travel clinics, libraries and student teaching modules, clinical departments, laboratories, and missionary agencies.
PulseNet: The Molecular Subtyping Network for Foodborne Bacterial Disease Surveillance, United States
Bala Swaminathan, Timothy J. Barrett, Susan B. Hunter, Robert V. Tauxe, and the CDC PulseNet Task Force
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3/swaminathan.htm
PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and several state health department laboratories to facilitate subtyping bacterial foodborne pathogens for epidemiologic purposes.
Physicians' Database Searches as a Tool for Early Detection of Epidemics
Vesa Jormanainen, Jukkapekka Jousimaa, Ilkka Kunnamo, and Petri Ruutu
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no3/jourmanainen.htm
The authors analyzed retrospectively the use of Physician Desk Reference Database searches to identify epidemics of tularemia, nephropathy, Pogosta disease, and Lyme disease and compared the searches with mandatory laboratory reports to the National Infectious Diseases Register in Finland during 1995. Continuous recording of such searches may be a tool for early detection of epidemics.
Biological Sciences In Their Own Words (http://aidshistory.nih.gov/)
Subtitled NIH Researchers Recall the Early Years of Aids, this site begins with the First Encounters and continues through to the Search for Treatments. Additionally, there are audio files and Transcripts of National Institutes of Health (NIH) researchers' early recollections. The Timeline begins in 1981 and continues through 1988. There are also document and image archives and related Links. [From Librarian's Index to the Internet]
UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS
(http://www.un.org/ga/aids/coverage/)
The United Nation's General Assembly held a special session on AIDS, the first devoted to a public health issue. While the session featured over 70 speeches, its primary purpose was to raise money for a global fund which would supply $7 billion to $10 billion annually to
combat AIDS and other infectious diseases. At the official site of the special session, visitors will find daily calendars of events, documents, press releases, archived Webcasts, official statements, and multimedia offerings.
The AIDS Epidemic at 20 Years: The View From America (Survey Report) (http://www.kff.org/content/2001/3026/aids20_rpt.pdf) and
The AIDS Epidemic at 20 Years: Selected Milestones (Timeline) (http://www.kff.org/content/2001/3026/aids20_timeline.pdf)
The Kaiser Family Foundation and the Ford Foundation released a report on the public's perception of the AIDS epidemic in America. The survey presents data on the state of Americans' knowledge about the epidemic -- including its means of transmission, the number of Americans who have relatives or friends with AIDS, and their opinions on the Federal government's role in fighting AIDS both at home and abroad as well as the worldwide AIDS crisis. Opinions are also broken down by race, showing marked variance in the responses of different ethnic groups. An eight-page timeline of selected milestones in the history of the epidemic is also posted. [From the Scout Report]
AmeriStat provides instant summaries — in graphics and text — of the demographic characteristics of the U.S. population, including: Marriage and Family, Population Estimates and Projections, Race and Ethnicity, Income and Poverty, Migration, Children, Older Population, Mortality and Fertility.
The Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, announces the release of the 2001-2002 edition of Health Information for International Travel (theYellow Book). The new edition contains updated information on vaccinations and malaria risk and prophylaxis, revised disease-specific text and tables, new sections on altitude sickness and international adoption, and improved maps and indexing. For more information contact the Public Health Foundation by telephone at 1-877-252-1200 or online at http://bookstore.phf.org.
See also the report Information Management: Electronic Dissemination of Government Publications. available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01428.pdf. [Information courtesy of The Virtual Acquisition Shelf & News Desk]
In February 2001, the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO) released the Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) tool. MAPP is designed to assist communities undertake a community health improvement process. Information about MAPP is available:
1) The MAPP web-based tool provides guidance, tools, vignettes, and resources to assist communities undertake the MAPP process. To access the MAPP website, go to NACCHO's website at www.naccho.org, and click on "Tools" bar, and then on the link to MAPP. Once in the tool, first time users will need to register. Subsequent visits need only an email address as a password. Access to the website is free.
2) A 24-page Field Guide, which provides an overview of the MAPP process, was developed as a companion piece to the website. A free copy of the Field Guide recently was sent out to all local public health agencies. Additional copies can be ordered from NACCHO's publication office for $6 for members and $15 for non-members. The Field Guide can also be downloaded for free (24 page PDF) from the "Bookstore" section of NACCHO's website.
MAPP was developed by NACCHO, with funding from the Public Health Practice Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and in collaboration with numerous partner organizations. For more information about MAPP, please contact Liza Corso or Scott Fisher at (202) 783-5550 Ext. 206 or 259, or e-mail lcorso@naccho.org or sfisher@naccho.org.
Sponsored by the White House Council on Youth Violence, the National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center is a collaboration between the Council, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other federal agencies. The Resource Center Website is offered as a portal to federal information on youth violence prevention and suicide. The heart of the site is a sizable collection of annotated links, organized alphabetically by topic. The site also explores a number of "Hot Topics," such as Youth Suicide, After School Programs, and Intimate Partner and Family Violence, with background and overviews, publications, and annotated links. Additional content includes a teens-only section, links to related organizations, and an internal search engine. [From the Scout Report]
The National Library for the Environment has the largest collection of Congressional Research Service reports on the web. Preparing non-partisan reports for members of Congress and their staffs, the CRS is the research arm of the Library of Congress. The NLE has been posting new and updated CRS reports since 1994. Our collection of nearly 1,200 reports - including over 150 PDF reports - is updated and expanded monthly.
The core of the collection is environmental, but the NLE practices a broad mandate. You will find not only pollution and resource reports, but such topics as energy, waste management, regulatory reform and more. Agricultural reports covers subsidies, biotechnology and trade issues. Wetland reports consider not only the biodiversity and water quality of regions, but property rights rulings and jurisdictional disputes. As a result of the cross disciplinary nature of the content, most of the reports are extensively cross referenced. A search engine is available for maximum retrieval. One can search by title keyword, code #, or author. Searching by keyword in the abstract field is the option for broadening a null search. Sorting by one of 25 categories is also an option. These web pages are all dynamically generated, so the information is continually revised.
Created and maintained on a for-profit basis by WorkCare, this metasite offers over 1,300 links to occupational safety and health information and resources. The heart of the site is the Health & Safety Index, which lists sites by topic in fourteen categories. Some, but not all, of these links are briefly annotated, and banner ads are interspersed. Other content includes feature articles, a FAQ, an internal search engine, a bulletin board, employment postings, and a free newsletter. [From the Scout Report]
A 2001 six-chapter report on women and smoking is now available through the CDC's Tobacco Information and Prevention Source (TIPS) website or NLM HSTAT system.
This new report from the US Surgeon General reveals that smoking has become a leading killer of American women in just two generations. Women now account for 39 percent of the country's smoking-related deaths, more than doubling the proportion of 1965. While the rate of adult women smokers has not changed much, that of teenaged girls has increased in the past ten years. In addition, the report finds a direct link between education levels and smoking -- women who have not completed high school are nearly three times more likely to smoke than those who have some postgraduate education. Users can read the full text of the report, along with a summary, fact sheets, and related materials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) site. [From the Scout Report]
Starting a service learning project? This 17-page bibliography from the Center for the Health Professions at the University of California, San Francisco is a takeoff point.
See also William Ted Johnson's bibliographic essay, "Healthy Environment, Healthy Children, and Healthy Future: You Take My Breath Away" in the Electronic Green Journal at http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj14/johnson1.html.
And another tobacco site...
See also the report America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2001 (http://childstats.gov/ac2001/ac01.asp)
The 2001 edition of this annual compendium of statistical indicators on US children, produced by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, has been placed online. This issue, which contains twenty-four indicators in four topics, shows overall improvement in children's well-being but also reports continuing and significant disparities, principally along economic lines. Information is presented in non-technical terms with heavy use of charts and tables. The full text of the report, including the appendices, is available for download in HTML or .pdf format. Users may also browse the report highlights, the official press release, and two special features on asthma prevalence and youth employment.
Copyright Internet Scout Project, 1994-2000. http://scout.cs.wisc.edu/ Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of the Scout Report provided the copyright notice and this paragraph is preserved on all copies. The InterNIC provides information about the Internet to the US research and education community under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation: NCR-9218742. The Government has certain rights in this material.
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